DNA Tranlession Polymerase in Prokaryotic Cells

DNA Tranlession Polymerase in Prokaryotic Cells DNA Tranlession Polymerase in prokaryotic cells: History, structures and function Soheil Malekpour DNA is one of the most important part of the cell that gives cell integrity and character. This part of the cell can be exposed to different kinds of damages that may put the cells integrity in jeopardy. The only part of the cell that has this ability to be repaired is DNA. Basically repairing should be done due to a reasonable reason. Repairing the other macromolecules are not profitable. For example, if a defective protein forms, the protein can be simply be replaced by another one. But defects in DNA can cause problem in the whole cell organisms and the character of cell [1]. Usually the whole repairing process is happening fast, although there are defects that persist against this process. The repairing process is done by special polymerases and the whole process of DNA repair is called translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) [2]. DNA can be damaged due to different reasons, such as base modification, elimination or addition of nucleotides, crosslinking of DNA strands and breakage of phosphodiester backbone [1]. These reasons can be due to some environmental conditions such as radiation or insertion of certain chemicals in to the body or due to malfunction of polymerases and enzymes in cellular process, such as putting wrong nucleotide in the DNA strand chain [1]. Up to now, it is known that there are three translesion DNA polymerases (TLS polymerases) in E. coli and about fifteen polymerases in eukaryotes that can run this process [2]. History For the first time it was in the early 1940s, that it was found agents causing mutational changes such as ionizing and radiation of UV, interact with cells and can damage their genome [3]. Also it was found that these cells can survive and recover from theses damages [4] and the term DNA repair was found. DNA repair is a biochemical term that defines biological processes during which alterations in the chemistry of DNA (DNA damage) are removed and the integrity of the genome is restored [3]. The first DNA repair mechanism to be discovered was enzymatic photo reactivation (EPR) [3]. This process is referred to the elimination of cyclobutane pyrimidine, which are generated by UV radiation and can block both DNA replication and transcription, from the genome [4]. This reaction can be catalyzed by photoreactivating enzyme in a reaction that needs a visible range light. The second mechanism found was excision repair [3]. This mechanism is referred to DNA damages cut out from genome that leaves some gaps in DNA duplex. These gaps are repaired by a non-semiconservative mode of DNA synthesis called repair synthesis [5]. By the end of the 1970s, it was known that cells are using various mechanisms for DNA repair process that focus around two basic principles: the excision of base damage or its direct reversal such as EPR [3]. In the mid1970s Miroslav Radman proposed a new hypothesis called SOS hypothesis [5, 6]. TheSOS hypothesis proposes an overall response to DNA damage in which thecell cycleis stopped andDNA repairis induced. Genetics experiments demonstrated that main players involved in damage-induced mutagenesis are lexA, recA along with umuD and umuC [2]. LexA cleavage from recA* and also umuD cleavage that form umuD use the same mechanism and is an absolute requirement for SOS mutagenesis. For showing that, E. coli because of its simple structure was used as a model for translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis. Later Harrison Echols proposed another model and suggested that in order to help the replication process against the lesions it is possible to reduce the fidelity of proteins so when DNA replication process is stopped at a location of unrepaired DNA damage, certain SOS-regulated genes can encode proteins that interact with the hindered replication process in a manner that reduces their fidelity [3]. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was demonstrated that Echols genes are in fact specialized low-fidelity DNA polymerases that enhance low-fidelity replication across the lesion, the so-called translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) [3]. Their highly reduced fidelity allows the replicative bypass of sites of DNA damage, but with a high chance of combining incorrect nucleotides [5]. Early TLS models and PolV Bridges and Woodgate were the first ones who defined the function of Umu proteins during UV-induced TLS in 1985 [7]. According to them, TLS happened in two steps. In the first step Pol III add a nucleotide opposite the first (3†²) T of a T-T cytidine diphosphate diacylgelycerol (CPD). Bounding a RecA protein to the template proximal to the lesion is a requirement for this step. In the second step, Pol III interacts with UmuDC proteins to incorporate another nucleotide at the second (5†²) T of the cytidine diphosphate diacylgelycerol (CPD). At least one of these two steps are non-WC, causing a mutation targeted at the site of the CPD [2]. Figure 1 shows the process schematically. Another model was proposed by Echols and Goodman in 1990 [3]. In this model they proposed that when Pol III encounters a template lesion, its holoenzymes (Pol III core, beta sliding clamp, gamma-clamp-loading complex) are completely blocked. This process follows by the assembly of a damage localized nucleoprotein complex involving RecA, UmuC, UmuD†², SSB, and Pol III holoenzyme, a mutasome, to copy past a template lesion [2]. The fact that RecA* simplifies the cleavage of UmuD to UmuD was used in this model [8]. Later, it was demonstrated that it was actually a dimeric UmuD2 that is cleaved to UmuD2 and that next interacts with UmuC to form a stable complex of UmuD2C [9]. This complex was named as Pol V in 1999 by Tang et al. [10]. It can be said that genome replication done on undamaged DNA by Pol III is rapid and error-free [11], the TLS process carried out by mutasome is slow and error-prone [2]. A key feature of the mutasome model is the assembly of RecA* on ssDNA proximal to the lesion (Fig. 1). When a replication fork encounters a lesion, an uncoupling of leading-and lagging-strand synthesis may ensue. Then, one of the TLS Pols can replace Pol III on the ÃŽ ²- clamp and copy the damaged DNA [2]. For both leading and lagging strands it be easily seen that RecA* can be assembled on the form of template strand, proximal to lesion. If the lesion occurred in the leading strand, RecA filaments can be formed on a region of ssDNA that is created by DNA unwinding by DnaB helicase downstream from the lesion but if lesions exist in lagging strand ssDNA is present as a result of Okazaki fragment synthesis [2]. Schlacher and Goodman [12] showed RecA* act in trans form on a non-template ssDNA strand and this transactivation of PolV by RecA* to perform TLS happens in-vitro. And this lead to the PolV mutasome model of TLS (Fig. 1). Jiang et al. [13] demonstrated this new PolV form as PolV Mut = UmuD2C-RecA-ATP. PolV Mut has this ability to copy both damaged and undamaged DNA (e.g. performs TLS) when RecA* is not present [2]. So, the straight role of RecA* in SOS-mediated TLS is to transfer a RecA molecule from the 3†²-filament tip with a molecule of ATP to convert into Pol V Mut, that can cross a different number of DNA lesions on its own. (Fig. 1) [2, 14]. PolV Mut can have two conformations. One is activated form that can copy DNA, the other one is deactivated form that is unable to copy the DNA. The activation of PolV Mut is depended on the location of RecA-ATP bond to the polymerase subunits UmuD2 and UmuC [13]. By representing the RecA* again, the deactivated form of PolV Mut can be activated. In this case, the old RecA-ATP is substituted by a new RecA-ATP from the 3-filament tip [13]. This type of switching on and off is unique to this kind of polymerase and has not been seen in other types of polymerases. This method can be useful specially preventing the undamaged DNA to go under mutation in E.Coli, and give the cell this power to activate Pol V Mut whenever replication fork have stuck at DNA template damage site [2]. PolII and PolIV in E.Coli TLS PolII discovered in 1970[15]. At first, it was thought that mutation is non-informative in PolII [16]. Pol II has an activity isolated from UV-irradiated cells that has this ability to replicate past abasic template lesions [2, 17]. This polymerase has some responses to UV radiation and this activity derives from that [2]. By purification it was proved that the induced lesion-copying protein was Pol II [17]. In 1980, Kenyon and Walker [18] discovered a DNA damage-inducible gene called dinA that can encode PolII. Also, one of the features of PolII is bypassing N2-deoxyguanosine-acetyl aminofluorene (AAF) adducts, this behavior can be error-free and produces 2-frame shift mutations [19]. AAF adducts are of family of aromatic amides that induce frame shift mutations within GpC sequences, such as the NarI sequences [19]. These adducts are able to increase the GC dinucleotide loss in NarI sequence (CGCGCC) by 107 times when they are bound to the G in middle of sequence [20]. PolII and Pol V can complement each other, but it does not mean that their activities are functionally unneeded [21]. As Pham et al. [21] mentioned PolV job is to copy UV-damaged DNA in an error-prone manner in TLS. But Pol II is able to copy chromosomal DNA in an error-free replication process. Kenyon and walker also introduced another gene called dinB gene that can be induced by cellular SOS response to DNA damage [18]. For many years, the function of this gene was unknown. After some year Ohmori et al. [22] found other gene, dinP gene, in the same section that dinB gene was found and Wagner et al. showed that they are able to encode Y-family DNA PolIV [23]. This kind of polymerases like other polymerases used in TLS are not crucial for life. Their role is to bypass certain N2-dG adducts (such as N2-furfuryl-dG) in an error-free manner [2]. Kumari et al. demonstrated they can copy past N2-N2-guanine interstrand cross-links in a high fidelity manner [24]. Regulation of TLS polymerases Different polymerases have this ability to traverse an extensive range of DNA lesions but this ability may cause in reducing the fidelity during replicating the undamaged DNA. Usually cells have several mechanisms to check and control the TLS polymerases because except PolII, all of them has this potential to delete errors made when duplicating an undamaged DNA [2]. Usually no regulation is needed for PolII. Because it has high fidelity derived by high intrinsic 3-5 exonucleolytic proofreading. On the other hand, the Y-family polymerases such as PolIV and PolV are exo-nuclease deficient and needed to be controlled [2]. PolV activity can be regulated by many proteins and many ways. First as said before the UmuD should be activated by UmuD. All UmuD, UmuC and UmuD proteins are all exposed to degradation by Lon and ClpXP protease. RecA* that forms PolV Mut can interact with UmuD2C complexes and active them. The PolV Mut itself activity can be enhanced by binding to the ÃŽ ²-clamp [2]. As Wagner et al. showed the PolIV activity can be stimulated by protein interaction with RecA, UmuD and ÃŽ ²-clamp [25]. Although the main mechanisms of DNA repair by various polymerases are known now, more studies can be conducted on E.Coli cells to find more details about the regulation and side reactions happening in this process. E.Coli cells as simple cells are an appropriate model to analyze these functions. Jarosz et al. proposed well questions about the future studies on Y-family DNA polymerases [26]: (1)How do Y-family polymerases gain access to an appropriate primer terminus and how is their action coordinated with that of replicative polymerases? (2)How do protein–protein interactions regulate the activity of Y-family polymerases? (3)Are there families of cognate lesions for each different Y-family polymerase? (4) Can mutations introduced by Y-family polymerases be corrected by exonucleolytic proofreading in trans? Different polymerases act in different paces after the damaged. For example PolII is induced immediately after DNA damage but PolV is induced about 50 min after the damage [21]. An area of interest could be study on how they can be regulated to be induced in shorter time. References Horton, R. H., Moran, L. A., Perry, M. D., Rawn, D. J. and Scrimgeour, G. K. (2006)Principles of biochemistry. 4th edn. United States: Pearson Education (US). Goodman, M. F. and Woodgate, R. (2013) ‘Translesion DNA Polymerases’,Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 5(10). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010363. Friedberg, E. C. (2008) ‘A brief history of the DNA repair field’,Cell Research, 18(1), pp. 3–7. doi: 10.1038/cr.2007.113. Hollaender, A. and Duggar, B. M. (1938) ‘The effects of sublethal doses of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation on the growth properties of bacteria’,Journal of Bacteriology, 36(1): 17-37. Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W, Wood RD, Schultz RA, Ellenberger T. DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. Washington DC, ASM Press, 2005 Friedberg EC. Correcting the Blueprint of Life. An Historical Accounting of the Discovery DNA Repairing Mechanisms. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997. Ruiz-Rubio, M., Woodgate, R., Bridges, B. A., Herrera, G. and Blanco, M. (1986) ‘New Role for Photoreversible Pyrimidine Dimers in Induction of Prototrophic Mutations in Excision-Deficient Escherichia coli by UV Light’,Journal of Bacteriology, 166(3): 1141-1143. Burckhardt, S. E., Woodgate, R., Scheuermann, R. H. and Echols, H. (1988) ‘UmuD mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: overproduction, purification, and cleavage by RecA.’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(6), pp. 1811–1815. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.6.1811. Woodgate, R., Rajagopalan, M., Lu, C. and Echols, H. (1989) ‘UmuC mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: purification and interaction with UmuD and UmuD’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(19), pp. 7301–7305. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7301. Tang M, Shen X, Frank EG, O’Donnell M, Woodgate R, Goodman MF. UmuD2†²C is an error-prone DNA polymerase, Escherichia coli, DNA pol V. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1999; 96:8919–8924. Johnson A, O’Donnell M. Cellular DNA replicases: Components and dynamics at the replication fork. Annu Rev Biochem. 2005; 74:283–315 Schlacher K, Goodman MF. Lessons from 50 years of SOS DNA-damage-induced mutagenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007; 8:587–594 Jiang Q, Karata K, Woodgate R, Cox MM, Goodman MF. The active form of DNA polymerase V is UmuD2†²C-RecA-ATP. Nature. 2009; 460:359–363. Dutreix M, Moreau PL, Bailone A, Galibert F, Battista JR, Walker GC, Devoret R. New recA mutations that dissociate the various RecA protein activities in Escherichia coli provide evidence for an additional role for RecA protein in UV mutagenesis. J Bacteriol. 1989; 171:2415–2423. Knippers R. DNA polymerase II. Nature. 1970; 228:1050–1053. Foster PL, Gudmundsson G, Trimarchi JM, Cai H, Goodman MF. Proofreading-defective DNA polymerase II increases adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995; 92:7951–7955. Bonner CA, Randall SK, Rayssiguier C, Radman M, Eritja R, Kaplan BE, McEntee K, Goodman MF. Purification and characterization of an inducible Escherichia coli DNA polymerase capable of insertion and bypass at abasic lesions in DNA. J Biol Chem. 1988; 263:18946–18952. Kenyon CJ, Walker GC. DNA-damaging agents stimulate gene expression at specific loci in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1980; 77:2819–2823. Napolitano, R., Janel-Bintz, R., Wagner, J. and Fuchs, R. P. P. (2000)All three SOS-inducible DNA polymerases (Pol II,Pol IV and Pol V) are involved in induced mutagenesis, The EMBO Journal, 19(29), pp. 6259-6265. Koffel-Schwartz, N., Verdier, J.-M., Bichara, M., Freund, A.-M., Daune, M. P. and Fuchs, R. P. P. (1984) ‘Carcinogen-induced mutation spectrum in wild-type, uvrA and umuC strains of Escherichia coli’,Journal of Molecular Biology, 177(1), pp. 33–51 Pham, P., Rangarajan, S., Woodgate, R. and Goodman, M. F. (2001) ‘Roles of DNA polymerases V and II in SOS-induced error-prone and error-free repair in Escherichia coli’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(15), pp. 8350–8354. Ohmori H, Hatada E, Qiao Y, Tsuji M, Fukuda R. dinP, a new gene in Escherichia coli, whose product shows similarities to UmuC and its homologues. Mutat Res. 1995; 347:1-7. Wagner J, Gruz P, Kim SR, Yamada M, Matsui K, Fuchs RPP, Nohmi T. The dinB gene encodes a novel Escherichia coli DNA polymerase, DNA Pol IV, involved in mutagenesis. Mol Cell. 1999; 4:281–286. Kumari A, Minko IG, Harbut MB, Finkel SE, Goodman MF, Lloyd RS. Replication bypass of interstrand cross-link intermediates by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase IV. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283:27433–27437. Wagner J, Fujii S, Gruz P, Nohmi T, Fuchs RP. The ÃŽ ² clamp targets DNA polymerase IV to DNA and strongly increases its processivity. EMBO Rep. 2001; 1:484–488. Jarosz, D. F., Beuning, P. J., Cohen, S. E. and Walker, G. C. (2007) ‘Y-family DNA polymerases in Escherichia coli’,Trends in Microbiology, 15(2), pp. 70–77.

The Role and Involvement of Senior Management

This essay will analyse the roles and involvement of senior management in determining and executing strategic information system in a global organisation. This will explain how organisation can beat the threat when competing in a global market and what strategy they needs to follow that will enable their business to stand out among other competitive market. Also this topic will states the paramount of information system in helping organisation in making strategic decision in all area of their business and what they need to put in place for them to be successful in their global business such as: like Geographical, their local business partners, the structure of the business, the business legislation in their desired area of location how all this is paramount will be discuss in the essay. I will argue about the assumption of universality of economic entrance and development which is incompatible the reality and development ways in the developing and developed countries. Role and involvement of senior management in global organisation The use and insight of Strategic Information System (SIS) was linked with IT and IS and is purpose is to assist the senior manager to control more effectively in order to improve the areas of communication and to progress in decision making. As the improvement in technology developed the focal point was motivated in the running performance of an organisation processes to a long term strategic view they desired. This was done by using an adopting technologies and systems which helps the management to redesign their existing ways of running and ensuring there is stability in their path. After seeing that there is a superior understanding of the organisation the management were able to be familiar with new ways of utilizing the technology which subsequently make it possible for them to be more effective of the use of information. In all organisations information system plays a vital role in the operation of the business which allows the organisation to process information using database, communication, system and many other applications. In the recent year Information system has become well-known as a means of absorption and the enabler of new competitiveness for today’s scheme in the global organisation. It is very important for senior managers to have a good understanding of the effective and responsible use of information system which will enable them to be successful in their area of businesses when operating in a global environment. When it comes to the aspect of processing decision senior management rely on information systems in making strategic outcome. As a senior management when introducing a strategic information system in Global organisation they must ensure that the importance of user must be involve when making the process and the mangers must provide a guide line which will allow them to maximize user or customer involvement in the design and implementation of a strategic information. Also when the management are making a determination and executing a strategic in a global organisation there are ways in which they can liked their business strategy to define the business needs and structure which will help them in driven into information system and one of the way they can use to do this is by looking into the competitive advantage. There are different types of strategies which the management can put into consideration in order for them to differentiate their product in a competitive market and they can use generic strategies which will help them in reducing their cost, differentiate their product in which they provide on market niche (porter, 1980). In addition, evidence shows that companies that globalize achieve better competitive and financial performance. But globalizing, in the sense of spreading activities around the world, is not enough. Companies also need to be globally integrated. They need globally coherent strategies, global networks, and the ability to maximize profits on a global basis. When considering the geographic and time that might stands like a barrier to promote the organisation in the global world information system can assist the senior management in this particular aspect and the way they can promotes the business is to provides an online electronic market place where customers can purchase any of their product at any particular hours of time. Also they need to understand the business language whenever the location of the business is situated. In looking for a way to develop an appropriate Information system strategies it is very usual to put some form of hole analysis which will help the management in identifying the hole of where the organisation are and where they want to progress to. Conclusion This essay are critically analyse the roles of management in executing strategic information system and has analyse the important of information system which will help them to make a development in their business and to be successful in the globalisation market or organisation environment. An important key factor of this essay is that the commitment of senior management in a global organisation is so essential which lead them to think of the effectiveness of technology and the way they can transform the business that will be different from other competitive market. The choices to be made in order to beat organisational boundaries such as : marketing, operations, finance, legal, business partners, location and other strategic decision can only be made by senior management.

Miss Essay

Unit Title: Unit sector reference: Level: Credit value: Guided learning hours: Unit accreditation number: Promote good practice in handling information in health and social care settings HSC 038 3 2 16 J/601/9470 Unit purpose and aim This unit is aimed at those working in a wide range of settings. It covers the knowledge and skills needed to implement and promote good practice in recording, sharing, storing and accessing information. Learning Outcomes The learner will: 1 Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care settings Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care 1.2 Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care 2.1 Describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security 2.2 Demonstrate practices that ensure security when storing and accessing information 2.3 Maintain records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible 3.1 Support others to understand the need for secure handling of information 3.2 Support others to understand and contribute to records Other s may include: ï‚ · Colleagues ï‚ · Individuals accessing care or support Exemplification 2 Be able to implement good practice in handling information 3 Be able to support others to handle information  © OCR 2010 1 Assessment This unit needs to be assessed in line with the Skills for Care and Development QCF Assessment principles. This unit is competence based. This means that it is linked to the candidate’s ability to competently perform a range of tasks connected with their work. This unit may be assessed using any method, or combination of methods, which clearly demonstrates that the learning outcomes and assessment criteria have been met. This unit requires workplace assessment of occupational competence. Assessment decisions for competence based learning outcomes (eg those beginning with ‘Be able to’) must be made in a real work environment by an occupationally competent assessor. Any knowledge evidence integral to these learning outcomes may be generated outside of the work environment but the final assessment decision must be within the real work environment. Competence based assessment must include direct observation as the main source of evidence. For this unit, learning outco mes 2 and 3 must be assessed in a real work environment. Guidance on assessment and evidence requirements  OCR does not stipulate the mode of delivery for the teaching of the content of this unit. Centres are free to deliver this unit using any mode of delivery that meets the needs of their candidates. Centres should consider the candidates’ complete learning experience when designing learning programmes. National occupational standards (NOS) mapping/signposting This unit has been developed by Skills for Care and Development in Partnership with Awarding Organisations. It is directly relevant to the needs of employers and relates to national occupational standards developed by Skills for Care and Development. As such, the unit may provide evidence for the following national occupational standards in health and social care developed by Skills for Care and Development: HSC 31 Content recurs throughout HSC NOS knowledge requirements NOS can be viewed on the relevant Sector Skills Council’s website or the Occupational standards directory at www.ukstandards.co.uk Functional skills signposting This section indicates where candidates may have an opportunity to develop their functional skills. Functional Skills standards can be viewed at http://www.qcda.gov.uk/15565.aspx 2  © OCR 2010 Functional Skills Standards English Speaking and Listening Reading ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ Mathematics Representing Analysing ICT Use ICT systems Find and select information Develop, present and communicate information ïÆ' ¼ Writing ïÆ' ¼ Interpreting Additional information For further information regarding administration for this qualification, please refer to the OCR document ‘Administrative Guide for Vocational Qualifications’ (A850). This unit is a shared unit. It is located within the subject/sector classification system 01.3 Health and Social Care.

Pride and Prejudice and A Midsummer Nights Dream

First Impressions Revisited â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth.† -William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Nights Dream ‘Pride and Prejudice first appeared between 1796 and 1797 under the title, ‘First Impressions. At first, the novel was written anonymously; however, after Jane Austens death, the novel became publicly known to people. The novel itself is a comedy of manners set in a quiet and charming rural England, between 1796 and 1813; to be exact, Pride and Prejudice is set amidst Napoleonic Wars, dating from 1797 up to 1815. In Austens words, the novel was ‘light and bright and sparkling. The quote from William Shakespeare best describes the love stories of Jane Bennet and Charles Bingley; Elizabeth Bennet and†¦show more content†¦Darcy, the antagonist-turned-protagonist in the novel. His pride blinds his judgment of people. Darcy judges people through their manners hence, because of his dislike in Elizabeths family manners; he separated Charles and Jane away from each other, leaving Elizabeths sister heartbroken. Austens books are written with satirical humor best rep resented by Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mr. Collins is a comical and pompous, snobbish clergyman living at Hunsford parsonage near Rosings, the home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh. According to the English law, since Mr. Bennet had no male children to inherit the state, Mr. Collins is the rightful heir of the estate since he is a distant relative of Mr. Bennet. Mr. Collins is a funny character in the novel due to his extremely long speeches and silly formalities of no clear meaning. He is very proud of Lady Catherine and her generosity in giving him the Hunsford parsonage. â€Å"A fortunate chance had recommended him to Lady Catherine de Bourgh when the living of Hunsford was vacant; and the respect which he had felt for her high rank, and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with very good opinion of himself and his authority as a clergyman, made him altogether a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility.† (Austen and Jennings 67) Mr. Collins long speeches do not represent the truth in general; it is his only means of making people admire him.Show MoreRelatedComparing Shakespeare s Midsummer Night s Dream, Pride And Prejudice And The Great Gatsby2712 Words   |  11 PagesCompare and contrast the presentation of love and marriage in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Pride and Prejudice and The Great Gatsby. The main theme which brings A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Pride and Prejudice and The Great Gatsby together is the idea of how love and marriage is presented. Shakespeare, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Austen all portray love and marriage as being two separate issues, which rarely intertwine. The different contexts in which these texts are written have all had a huge impactRead More Class, Money, Pride and Happiness in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen1721 Words   |  7 PagesBennet of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice states that she would be happy with someone who â€Å"has no improper pride† and â€Å"is perfectly amiable† (PP 364). While all of these novels give a glimpse into the opinions of happiness, Pride and Prejudice delves into the nuances of happiness, showing the conflicts that come with these intertwining ideas of class, money, and pride. Ultimately, we come across an important question: What constitutes happiness and how do the ideas of class, mone y and pride coincide, bringingRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream And The Taming Of The Shrew1254 Words   |  6 Pagessomething to be a comedy, the main character must reach a positive outcome. So no matter what comes their way, our hero will be in a better spot than he was at the beginning. Well-known comedies include A Midsummer Night s Dream, The Taming of the Shrew, and Cyrano de Bergerac. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Taming of the Shrew, the main character achieves their goal with few hardships. Yet, in Cyrano de Bergerac, our main character’s ambitions are never fulfilled. Rather, the hero of this tale keepsRead MoreMeg 1,2,3,4 Ignou1582 Words   |  7 PagesMBG.O2: BRITISH DRAMA ASSIGNMENT (Based on Blocks 1-9) Programme Code: MEG Assignment Code: MEG-02/TMN20L2-2013 Maximum Marks: 100 1. 2. 3. Discuss Dr. Faustu,s as a tragedy (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) In what ways is A Midsummer Nights Dream a Shakespeareancomedy? Comment on the role of the ghost in Hamlet. 4. Would you consider Alchemist an allegory? 5. Write down the plot of the Playboy. 6. How is Pygmalion a Shavian play? 7. Comment on the uniqueness of Murder in the CathedralRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescrossing the 4 INTRODUCTION street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space but not inner space. We’ve done larger things but not better things. We’ve cleaned up the air but polluted the soul. We’ve split the atom but not our prejudice. We write more but learn less. We plan more but accomplish less. We’ve learned to rush but not to wait. We build more computers to hold more information to produce more copies than ever but have less communication. These are the times of fast foods

Jurisprudential Theories on IPR - 13115 Words

According to Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.[32] Although the relationship between intellectual property and human rights is a complex one,[33] there are moral arguments for intellectual property. The arguments that justify intellectual property fall into three major categories. Personality theorists believe intellectual property is an extension of an individual. Utilitarians believe that intellectual property stimulates social progress and pushes people to further innovation. Lockeans argue that intellectual property is justified based on†¦show more content†¦Hegels remarks on intellectual property were printed as part of his Elements of the Philosophy of Rights, a book that was based on the lectures he gave at the University of Berlin between 1818 and 1831. The document presented in our digital archive is a private copy of the first print edition of 1821 that was annotated by Hegel himself for use in subsequent lectures. In Hegels view, property is something that enables the exercise of subjective freedom rather than a consequence of civil liberties. Thus, literary property is also a manifestation of a persons free will. Hegels concept of individual, personal rights as a basis of copyright was influenced by Kant and Fichte and had some bearing on the later theories of Gareis, Gierke and Bluntschli, even if Hegels legal theory was not referred to generally by German jurists in the second half of the nineteenth century. There are 3 golden rules and passes when it comes to intellectual property and how important it is. Intellectual property is an extension of individual property. As humans, we tend to be in favor of things that will benefit us, obviously. On the other hand, I also believe that promoting the creation and dissemination of intellectual works produces an optimal amount of social progress. Personality theorists maintain that intellectual property is an extension of individual personality.

Dating Violence And Its Effects On Society - 1383 Words

In dating violence, one partner tries to gain or maintain power and control over the other through the form of abuse. Violence within a dating relationships has its negative effects on all people regardless of their age, race, or gender. It is safe to say dating violence crosses all racial, economic and social lines. Granting, one generally views it as being extremely detrimental when the violence occurs within an adolescent relationship. This could in part be due to the fact that the perception many people hold is that young people probably should not even be partaking in â€Å"serious relationships† in the first place. For example, being that I have been in a relationship with the same person for five years now, I was continuously told by†¦show more content†¦Also verbal or emotional abuse this is non-physical behaviors like threats, insults, constant monitoring, humiliation, intimidation, isolation or stalking. Adolescents can also experience sexual abuse. Sexual a buse can mean any action that impacts the ability of a person to control their own sexual activity or the circumstances in which sexual activity occurs. This is including rape, coercion or restricting access to birth control by a partner. Lastly, and probably most noted among younger generations is digital abuse. This is the use of technologies and or social media to intimidate, harass or threaten a current or ex-dating partner. This could include demanding passwords, checking cell phones, cyber bullying, â€Å"sexting†, and excessive or threatening texts or stalking. There is no way to pin point a specific cause for dating violence, because it can be attributed to a number of things. One of the causes for violence among adolescent relationships is not solely due to their young age, because they are so young in age many adolescents are inexperienced within dating situations. For instance, a young adolescent male experiencing his first intimate/ dating type of relationship will not know how to properly react in certain situations that can arise throughout a relationship and handle them negatively. On the other hand, his female counter part who is more than likely also engaging in her first dating scenario may not know the behavior is inappropriate.

Essay About Survival Example For Students

Essay About Survival Finding ones place in society is a major dilemma many people face every day. Once people find their place in society they understand who they are, what is expected by them and what their roles are.Once a person has found their place in society they understand their life and which direction it is going. The main characters are portrayed as two different individuals with very different lives who have only one thing in common- their inability to find their proper place in society. Brian Moore, and Margaret Laurences concern for the plight of the individual and their position in society is clearly self-evident in their novels The Luck of Ginger Coffey and The Stone Angel . The main characters Ginger Coffey and Hagar Shipley both struggle to survive with dignity even though their overwhelming pride often obscures reality. Throughout the novel it becomes evident that both Ginger Coffey and Hagar Shipleys overwhelming sense of pride obscures their reality and therefore causing problems for them. Coffey the main character in Brian Moores novel The Luck of Ginger Coffey is portrayed as a comic hero who has endless limitations that he does not see. Ginger Coffey believes he is his own man, which is why he leaves his homeland Ireland and moves to Canada . Coffey believes Ireland would not allow him to become the person he thought he could be, What was his aim in life ? Wellhe supposed it was to be his own master, to provide for Vera and Paulie, toto what ?To make something of himself, he supposed. (Moore, pg.21) Coffeys values do not seem to be unrealistic or selfish in themselves, but because he sets unobtainable and unrealistic goals he encounters numerous failures. Coffey cannot content himself with a simple job and provide for his family in this way; he wants to become someon!e important, and achieve p ersonal status. Not realizing that these very ideas bind him to a life of repetitive failures. Because of his pride Coffey sees himself not as the middle aged man that he is, but as an attractive young boy out for new adventures. Now in his prime, he considered himself a fine big fellow with a soldierly straightness to him, his red hair thick as ever and a fine mustache to boot.. (Moore, pg. 58)Coffey does not seem to be aware of reality around him, nor of how others see him. Look at this one with his tiny green hat, short bulky coat and suede boots. A man that age should know better than to dress as a college boy.(Moore, pg. 23) Although others see him as he is, a middle aged man trying to act like a teenager, Coffey is blinded by pride and not aware of who he really is. All he knows is that he wants to make something of himself. But because of the false image he has of himself, he encounters endless frustrations in his search for work. !He strives always for the most demanding job s ; although he is not qualified in any way to fill any of the positions he applies for. Yet, in the end, things do not improve as Coffey thought they would , once he left Ireland. Coffey continues to be the same childish boy full of hopes and dreams unable to find his place within society. Margaret Laurences heroine in a way faces the same dilemma that Coffey does. Hagar Shipley in The Stone Angel is a ninety year old woman, desperately trying to live out her last days in some sort of dignity . But Hagar like Coffey suffers, for it is because of her pride, that she is unable to see the real world around her, or try to understand it. Hagar sees herself as a young woman, trapped in an old body. Thus she tries endlessly with many frustrations to do things for herself, and always fails. Hagar becomes resentful, moody, childish and angry when her son Marvin or her daughter-in-law try to help her. Hagar feels that they are trying to take her pride away, the one thing Hagar could not face up to, I always swore Id never be a burden- (Laurence, pg. 37) Hagar finds it difficult to accept the fact that old age has placed limits on her capabilities. Just as Coffey is unable to face the fact that he does not have the capabilities to obtain the goals he has set for!himself.When Haga rs daughter-in-law tries to tell her that she has wet her bed, Hagar is very upset, Thats a lie. I never did any such thing. Youre making it up. I know your ways. Just so youll have some reason for putting me away.(Laurence, pg. 74) Hagars pride will not allow her to accept the reality about herself, nor will it allow her to communicate openly with others. Hagar does not see herself as a burdensome old woman, but as a person with a past, a present and perhaps still some future. She is an individual, something her pride will not allow her to sacrifice, in order to play the various roles society wants her to play. Doris and her son Marvin want to take Hagar out of her own home, for her own good, and put her away in a nursing home. For this is where society says that the old and helpless belong. But Hagar refuses to accept this role, as Coffey refuses in the beginning to lower his standards and accept menial jobs. Hagar will not allow others t!o take away her pride and self-respect ; therefore she desperately hangs on to life the only way she knows. In order to do this, she feels she must become an unpleasant, proud, bitter and vengeful character. Brian Moore and Margaret Laurence portray both Hagar and Coffey as two people struggling to survive with some dignity even when the world seems to be against them. Throughout the novel Hagar struggles to survive with dignity. Hagar does not face the fact that she is old and can not do things for herself. She is constantly struggling with herself as she continuously tries to do everything for herself even though she never succeeds. When Doris tries to persuade her to go into a nursing home Hagar refuses. How can I leave my house ? I dont want to leave my house and all my things ? (Laurence, pg. 119) Hagar is not willing to give up her freedom, she runs away and manages to get herself back home to Manawaka. Yet, Hagar struggles to care for herself and eventually contemplates going back home.No, Ill not do it if I went ba ckshed known all along she could not trust me out of her sight for a momentTheyd crate me up in the car and deliver me like a parc!el of old clothes to that place. (Laurence, pg.) This portrays Hagars inner struggle. Although Hagar is not able to care for herself as she once was she is determined not to give up her freedom or her pride and be sent off to a nursing home. Eventually Hagar realizes that she may not have a choice. I cant move, I cant rise. Im stuck here like an overturned ladybug, frantically waving to summon help that wont comeI hurt all over , but the worst is that Im helpless. (Laurence, pg. 191) Hagars only comfort is in the fact that .. no one else is here to see, and thats something. (Laurence, pg. 191) Throughout the novel it becomes evident that Hagar will not allow others to take away her pride and self-respect therefore desperately hanging onto life the only way she knows. In order to do this she becomes unpleasant, proud, bitter and vengeful. Ginger Coffey al so struggles to survive with dignity. Coffey continuously struggles to hold onto his pride as he begs for work. Coffey continues to try to get difficult and demanding jobs when he is only suited for menial ones . It is his pride that will not let him get the job he is most suitable for. Coffey can not content himself with a simple job and provide for his family in this way ; he wants to become someone important, and achieve personal status even though he can not. It is in one interview that Coffey realizes what a fool he is. Stupid blundering fool ! Why didnt you wait to see if he remembered you ? He doesnt know you from a hole in the wall, coming in with your hand out ! Get up, say thank you and go away. (Moore, pg. 24-25) Coffey tries to survive rejection with some sort of dignity by just saying thank you and leaving. What Coffey wanted in life was the chance to survive, not just for the sake of surviving, but to survive with some dignity. For!Coffey this meant the ability to acqu ire personal status. Coffeys problem is that he can not seethe real world in Ireland or Canada. Thus, he moves and live in an unrealistic world where he soon learns that he cant survive. Hagar also lives in an unrealistic world where she struggles to survive by believing that she can take care of herself when in reality she can not.Throughout the novel Hagar and Coffey are on a journey to self realization which in the end becomes they key factor in allowing them to face reality and find their places in society. Coffey finally starts his journey towards self-realization when his world starts to crumble. His wife leaves him and his daughter moves further away from him. Veronica, Coffeys wife seems to be the only one who knows the real Ginger Coffey and is the one who constantly tries to help him face reality. Isnt the job youre in always a burden to you, isnt it always no goodwill you never face the facts (Moore, pg. 58) Coffeys journey into self realization is a comic and pitiful one for Coffey, because it comes too late in life. Once Coffey is able to get rid of the exalted view he has of himself, and move out of his unrealistic world, he can begin to understand where he must go and what he must do in order to find his place in society.He must face reality and abandon th!e facts of his life for the facts of the world, (Moore, pg. 118) before this can be done. It is before the mirror, a symbol of truth in the novel, that Ginger Coffey sees his real self, His image in the dresser mirror He hated that man in the mirror, hated him. Oh, God, there was a useless bloody man, coming up to forty and still full of a boys dreams of ships coming in; of adventures and escapesand glories still to be. (Moore, pg. 93) Coffey no longer sees himself as a young boy with the capability of doing anything but sees himself as he truly is. The final realizations comes to Coffey in the very end of the novel, He knew now, something he had not known before. A mans life was nobodys faul t. He must pay for it himself. (Moore, pg. 225)He had learned the truth. Life was the victory,Going on was the victory. (Moore, pg. 243) What Coffey wanted in life was the chance to survive, not just for the sake of surviving, but to survive with some dignity. !For Coffey this meant the ability to acquire personal status.Hagar also journeys into self realization when she runs away from home to Manawaka because she does not want to be sent to the nursing home. But out alone in the world, we see that she cannot survive, she needs others to take care of her. And then I do fall. My feet slip, both together on a clump of wet moss, and Im down. My elbows are skinned on rough bark.Under my ribs the pain drums.. I cant move. I cant rise. (Laurence, pg. 191)Although Hagar was determined to leave her son and survive on her own she is somewhat secretly happy to see him. In my heart I have to admit Im relived to see him. Yet I despise my gladness. Have I grown so weak I must rejoice at being c aptured, taken alive ? (Laurence, pg. 252) Hagar realizes she can not survive on her own and continues to be bitter.Thus like Coffey , Hagarjourneys into self realization and finally accepts the fact that she is no longer !a young woman but an old women who needs to be taken care of by others since she can not take care of herself any longer. Hagar also puts her pride aside and comforts her son Marvin when she was in the hospital. Youve been good to me, always. A better son that John. (Laurence, pg. 304) This is something she would not have done before. Although in the end both Coffey and Hagar do succumb to reality they can not totally give up on their beliefs. Coffey still resents having to work at menial jobs ; while Hagar when on her death bed is still determined to hold on to the only thing she has left, her pride. Oh for mercys sake let me hold it myself ! I only defeat myself by not accepting her. I know this- I know it very well. But I cant help it-its my nature Ill not coun tenance anyone elses holding it for me (Laurence, pg. 308) Hagar dies holding on to some pride and feeling defeated by society while Coffey must continue his struggle trying to hold onto h!is pride and dignity as he searches for his proper place in society. Perhaps Hagar is what Coffey is destined to become.Thus, in the end both Hagar and Coffeys struggles and journey into self-realization allows them to find their proper place in society. Once both the characters come to accept who they really are and face reality they come to the point of self realization which helps them both survive. Although the two characters were different in the sense that they led totally different lives, with different values and expectations they were connected by the fact that they both had an inner struggle that they had to overcome in order to survive in the real world. Both Brian Moore and Margaret Laurence relay a similar message in their novels. Moore believes that we must sometimes gibe up and sacr ifice what we believe in (absolute values) in order to survive in this world and survival is what is important in the end. While Laurence also believes that one cannot hold on to everything they believe in, and survive in society, sometimes absolute values must be sacrifices because in the end !survival is what counts !